Two systems of health care exist side by side in Samoa―Samoan medicine and Western medicine. Western medicine is centered in three hospitals―Moto‘otua Hospital near Apia, Tuasivi Hospital on Savai‘i, and the Lyndon B. Johnson Tropical Medical Center in American Samoa. There are also a series of rural clinics, especially on Savai‘i, that are staffed by district nurses. The doctors (foma‘i) at the Western Samoan hospitals have either a Diploma of Medicine from the Fiji School of Medicine or an M.D. from New Zealand or elsewhere, and there are usually a few PÄlagi (Western) M.D.s and interns from overseas who work along with them. The doctors in American Samoa are M.D.s from the U.S. or elsewhere, and serve on contract for two or more years.
In most of the world, Western medicine has demonstrated its superiority over indigenous medical practices, but this is not the case in Samoa, at least not for all ailments. The first line of defense for many Samoans, particularly for infants, is Samoan medicine. This is not due to isolation, because most districts have a clinic, and the majority of the population is less than an hour's bus or car ride from one of the three hospitals noted above. However, a clinic staffed by a nurse is not the same as a hospital staffed by doctors and medical equipment. Savai‘i is particularly weak in this area, since the one hospital is now (1994) being rebuilt, and often there are no more than two doctors for the entire island.
The two systems are in direct competition, but there is very little conflict or tension. The doctors may think of the fofÅ―the traditional healers―as "witch doctors," and the fofÅ may confidently believe that the Western doctors just do not have the power to heal Samoan ailments, but there is little friction. FofÅ recognize a dichotomy in ailments, with some classified as Samoan illnesses (ma‘i SÄmoa) and others as Western illnesses (ma‘i PÄlagi). They usually treat only the former type, which they consider indigenous; if the fofÅ determine that the illness of a prospective patient belongs to the latter type, which is considered to be introduced by Westerners, and they do not have a medicine to treat it, the patient will be directed to a hospital or clinic. Likewise, some Western doctors may send patients to fofÅ if they believe that the ailment is not readily treatable with Western medicines or is psychological and is best treated by traditional Samoan means. However, referral from doctor to fofÅ is less common than the reverse.
Instead of open friction, there is mutual tolerance and even some cooperation between the two systems. In its village public health programs, the Western Samoan Health Department has sought out village women (women's committee members), some of them being established fofÅ. The health department representatives―the district nurses living and working in the village―may even believe in Samoan medicine; even if they do not, they may refrain from condemning the practice in order to maintain harmony with their patients and village. The Health Department has even officially recognized some of the fofÅ, and supplies them with items such as gauze for use in the preparation of Samoan medicine.
