Scales and Measures (Statistical Associates Blue Book Series 31)
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Scales and Measures (Statistical Associates Blue Book Series 31)
SCALES AND MEASURES A graduate level introduction and illustrated tutorial to measurement and scaling, including Likert scales, Guttman scales, Mokken scales, Rasch scales and more. New in the 2013 edition: New coverage of ordinal coefficient alpha, recommended over Cronbach's alpha for binary and ordinal items. New introduction to item response theory, with annotated computer output. New introduction to Rasch analysis, with annotated computer output New FAQ on standardization vs. rescaling. Now includes all of "Measurement Levels" as well (which is now discontinued as a separate title).
Table of contents: Measurement7 Levels of Measurement7 Nominal data7 Ordinal data7 Interval data8 Latent variables9 Constructs9 Latent variables9 Data Levels and measures of central tendency10 Scaling11 Overview11 Constructs vs. categories and benchmarks11 Data-gathering techniques12 Types of techniques12 Likert survey items13 Ranking scales13 Social distance scales13 Paired comparisons13 Q-Sorts14 Fixed resources allocations14 Other methods14 Steps in scale development14 Methods of combining items in a scale17 Overview17 Indexes17 Ordinal scales18 Ordered scales18 Composite scores20 Factors and latent variables20 Multidimensional scales20 Tau Equivalence21 Congeneric v. tau-equivalent v. parallel indicators21 Tau-equivalence in SEM21 Likert items and Likert scales21 Overview21 Data level of Likert scales22 Index of discriminative power (DP)22 Guttman scales23 Overview23 Scale error in Guttman scaling23 Goodness of fit measures for Guttman scales25 Chi-square significance of Guttman scales26 Proximity scales27 Overview27 Example27 Proximity scales vs. Guttman scales28 Mokken scales28 Overview28 Loevinger's H29 Measures of Internal Consistency30 Overview30 Cronbach's alpha30 Ordinal coefficient alpha and ordinal coefficient theta33 Factor analysis36 Rasch scales37 Other internal consistency measures37 Measures of agreement38 Overview38 Cohen's kappa38 Measures of Reliability39 Measures of item discrimination39 Biserial correlation39 Point-biserial correlation40 Item Analysis40 Overview40 Software42 Item analysis output43 Rasch models47 Overview47 Software47 Anchoring48 Rasch analysis output48 Assumptions61 Unidimensionality61 Equality of means and standard deviations61 Frequently asked questions62 Is it acceptable to use ordinal variables such as Likert items in interval-level procedures like regression or path analysis which assume interval data?62 Is it acceptable to use dichotomous variables in procedures like regression or path analysis which assume interval data?64 What is attenuation of effect size/correlation?64 I have categorical data but I want to do interval procedures like factor analysis and regression. What do I do?66 When I have a mixture of categorical and interval independents, what procedure should I use?67 Should I use existing items or create my own?67 How can I find standard scales and instruments?68 When constructing a set of scales used to form a component average, should I standardize or rescale?68 Should I standardize my variables before testing for reliability of scale items with Cronbach's alpha?69 I want to add item scores together to form a scale. How can I test if the items are additive?69 How can I get my SPSS worksheet into Guttman scaling format?70 What software programs compute Guttman scaling coefficients of scalability and reliability?71 What is the 'cluster bloc technique'?71 Selecting the criteria71 Computing indices of agreement71 Establishing non-arbitrary cutoff points72 Forming the cluster block matrix72 What are Thurstone equal-appearing interval scales?72 Q-dispersion73 Collections of scales73 Bibliography82 Pagecount 91